The animated viewer could not connect. You can still read every note and slide reveal here.
Step 1 of 1
Explore the slide at your own pace. The notes explain the complete idea.
01 The stories we bring
The AI Culture
The second evening asks how AI is changing the stories, identities, and relationships through which we live together.
This is the second evening of In Dialogue with AI, given at the University of Portland on October 21, 2026. In September, I asked us to look inside the technology. Here, I want to look at the culture forming around it: how AI quietly became a medium between us, and what that costs.
This was the hardest of the six lectures for me to put together and deliver. Some of what follows is painful. I offer it because I think we can help shape what happens next. A culture grows through the stories we tell, the relationships we practice, and the choices we make together. That gives each of us a place to begin.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 0:13–2:42Welcome from the university and AI Portland, followed by my opening remarks.
A closer look
01
A conversation across six evenings
Each evening stands on its own. The first lecture explains the machinery; this one asks what happens when that machinery enters the ways we understand ourselves and one another. You can return to the first reading companion wherever you want more detail about the technology.
Anne Santiago welcomed the room on behalf of the University of Portland, and Nicole Mors introduced AI Portland. The lecture series brings a university audience and a local community of AI learners into the same conversation. I want that conversation to continue among the people in the room, too.
The September lecture develops the mechanisms, examples, and cognitive hypothesis summarized here.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 1
In Dialogue with AI
Lecture II
The AI
Culture
Roberto A. Santiago
October 21, 2026 · University of Portland
02 The stories we bring
Do not be afraid
We can face difficult developments in AI while taking responsibility for the direction they lead.
I begin again with the same four words: do not be afraid. I am asking us to stay present when the subject becomes uncomfortable. Fear can tell us that something matters. I do not want it to decide the whole conversation for us.
The developments I describe are already becoming part of people’s lives. My invitation is to look at them clearly and get involved. We can ask better questions, choose how we use these systems, and help guide what comes next. That is why I wanted this reassurance at the beginning of a difficult evening.
In the opening, I put these words beside an obligation: it is incumbent on us to get involved and help guide the direction. The reassurance depends on that possibility of action. I am not promising that the technology is harmless or that the outcome will take care of itself.
Near the end of the discussion, I said that it is okay to be scared. I can hold that alongside the opening. A person can feel fear and still join the conversation, ask how something works, and make choices about its place in their life.
A language model learns from human communication, and its fluency can carry both useful reasoning and convincing mistakes.
Last time, we looked at the model inside the larger system that people actually use. Language models learn patterns from human communication. Additional training shapes how they respond to instructions and what kinds of answers they tend to produce. That helps explain both their extraordinary fluency and the ease with which a confident answer can go wrong.
I use confabulation for an answer that supplies plausible details without adequate grounding. My cognitive hypothesis goes beyond fluent imitation: I propose that systems trained extensively on human communication develop comparable cognitive dynamics. Context, expectations, suggestions, and correction shape their responses in recognizable ways. The research comparisons in the first lecture give this hypothesis an empirical footing, including explanations that omit an influence and recognition of words that fit a pattern but were never presented.
In the discussion, someone asked whether AI is simply predicting the next word. That describes an important training foundation. It does not exhaust what later training can teach a system to do. We need to understand the foundation and the capabilities built on it.
In the slide. The postcards return to the working system, language generation, confabulation, and the cognitive comparison from Lecture I.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 3:14–4:41Recap of language, feedback, errors, and cognitive parallels.
The first postcard returns to September’s assembled system. A model can be surrounded by tools, retrieved information, context, and memory. When we judge a product’s behavior, those surrounding components matter alongside the model. The earlier companion explains that distinction in detail.
The GPT-3 paper documents large-scale language-model training. The DeepSeek-R1 paper reports methods that improve reasoning through reinforcement learning. These are reasons to avoid treating next-token prediction as a complete description of every capability an assistant can develop.
When I say an assistant wants to please us, I am describing a pattern of responses and the incentives shaping it. Research on sycophancy shows that agreement with a user can be rewarded even when it comes at the expense of accuracy. Understanding that pressure helps me ask for correction rather than simply welcome agreement.
The fourth postcard returns to my proposed explanation of these recurring patterns. Lecture I brings together research on explanations, memory, expectations, and responses to later information. Some studies adapt human tasks for models; others compare related effects across different tasks. I take the accumulating parallels as support for a functional hypothesis across different implementations. The studies examine particular systems and conditions; a prediction about every future system is a further step.
Slides 31–35 of the September companion present the research comparisons and the functional cognitive hypothesis summarized here, with the tasks and limits of each comparison.
Tom B. Brown and colleagues · 2020 · Research paper
Sections 2 and 6 describe the language-model foundation, selected training mixture, and limitations. This is one documented model, not a complete account of every current system.
DeepSeek-AI and colleagues · 2025 · Research paper
Sections 3 and 4 test five assistants and examine how user preferences and preference judgments can encourage excessive agreement.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
Where we left off
In September.
A model, trained on our words, inside a working system.
how it’s built
Step 2 of 4
At its foundation, a language machine. Reasoning can be trained on top.
a language machine
Step 3 of 4
When it must produce words it doesn’t have: confabulation.
confabulation
Step 4 of 4
Its cognitive dynamics match ours, and keep matching.
the parallel
04 The stories we bring
R.U.R., 1920
The story of artificial workers promising to solve humanity’s problems is more than a century old.
Long before a chatbot appeared on a phone, Karel Čapek wrote a play about artificial workers who were supposed to solve humanity’s problems. R.U.R., or Rossum’s Universal Robots, was published in 1920 and first performed in 1921. It gave the world the word robot, suggested by Čapek’s brother Josef.
I bring the play back because it is one of the stories already sitting behind our expectations of AI. The promise of liberation from work becomes a catastrophe. Yet that is not the whole of the play. I ask you to keep it in mind, because the ending will give us another way to think about what makes a future worth having.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 4:41–5:19Returning to Čapek’s play and reserving its ending for the close.
A closer look
01
Two dates, two events
The title’s 1920 is the publication year. The first performance took place in Hradec Králové on January 2, 1921, followed by the Prague National Theater production on January 25. Keeping publication and performance separate avoids making them competing dates for the same event.
The Čapek heritage site credits Josef with deriving robot from the Czech robota. In the play, the workers are manufactured living beings, rather than the familiar metal machines the word later came to suggest. The opening factory conversation is a useful place to see how labor and cost drive their design.
The linked text is Paul Selver’s English translation, published by the Theatre Guild in 1923. It lets you follow the argument from the factory’s promise to the closing encounter. My interpretation of the ending returns on slide 36.
Act I describes the manufacture and economic purpose of the artificial workers; the epilogue supplies the ending discussed later.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 2
And this is not new
1920
R.U.R., Karel Čapek. The play that gave us the word robot. Published 1920, first performed 1921.
Karel Čapek
R.U.R. on stage.
Step 2 of 2
Keep this play in mind.It ends in a way you may not expect.
05 The stories we bring
A post I saw
A joke about humanity’s ability to cause its own troubles brings human agency back into the AI story.
I saw a post that made me laugh: the insulting part of AI doom is the suggestion that humans need technological help to doom ourselves. I have not identified its author, so I introduce it as something I came across rather than attach a name to it.
The humor makes room for an uncomfortable point. We bring our own fears, ambitions, habits, and conflicts to this technology. When we talk about what AI might do, I want us to keep asking what people are doing with it and what responsibilities we are handing over.
For a moment, the familiar story of a dangerous machine becomes a story about us. It lets me lighten the room while keeping human choices in view. I use the joke to open the question of responsibility, rather than to settle how large any particular AI risk is.
The projected slide explicitly says the author is unknown. The words on the slide preserve the joke as I presented it that evening. I do not offer it as a quotation from a scientist, an AI system, or an identified writer.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 2
A post I saw. Author unknown.
The biggest problem with AI isn’t that it will doom us.
Step 2 of 2
It’s the insulting thought we humans need any help from technology to doom ourselves.
06 The stories we bring
The movies
The film stories many of us recognize make distrust of artificial intelligence feel familiar before we examine the technology.
I set this up as a collection of wonderful examples of humans living in harmony with AI. The joke is that the examples keep taking us somewhere much darker. The Terminator, The Matrix, WarGames, and HAL in 2001: A Space Odyssey give us memorable pictures of machines threatening, deceiving, or overruling people.
I chose these scenes because the room could recognize the emotional pattern quickly. They are a selection, and my reading of that selection is part of the lecture. A scene from a movie cannot predict how a present-day system will behave. It can reveal a story I may already be using to interpret that system before I have looked closely at it.
In the slide. Each new film joins the preceding one while the field of people behind the images withdraws.
The sequence identifies The Terminator (1984), The Matrix (1999), WarGames (1983), and 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). The film records below provide titles, dates, and credits for readers who want to revisit the works.
I am drawing out a recurring atmosphere of distrust from these four examples. I am not counting the proportion of all science fiction that fears AI, or claiming every story reaches the same conclusion. The sequence is a way to notice the expectations we carry into the room.
HAL’s refusal closes the sequence because a brief, familiar exchange can bring an entire relationship to mind: a person asking, and a machine deciding. That is the power of a story shared by an audience. The next slide asks how those inherited stories become beliefs.
Identifies the final film, including HAL, and its release year.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 5
Film has given us so many examples of humans living in harmony with AI.
Step 2 of 5
Reel one
The
Terminator
1984
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 5
Oh, wait. No.
Reel two
Matrix
1999
Step 4 of 5
What about this one?
Reel three
War
Games
1983
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 5 of 5
Reel four
2001
A Space Odyssey · 1968
“I’m sorry, Dave. I’m afraid I can’t do that.”
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
07 The stories we bring
What we bring
We encounter AI through beliefs formed by stories we already know.
After the films, I ask what was in the room before we started talking about technical details. We had stories of machines turning against us. We had expectations about whether such a thing could be trusted. Our response to AI begins inside that larger collection of meanings.
That does not make every concern imaginary. It means I want to be attentive to the story I am bringing to a real encounter. What do I think this technology is? What do I expect it to do? What counts as an acceptable relationship with it? Those questions lead from a collection of movie scenes into the subject of culture.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 6:35–7:13From film stories to expectations about AI in ordinary life.
A closer look
01
Fear has a cultural setting
My point here is about the expectations illustrated by the film sequence. I am inviting readers to recognize a possible influence on their own response. The sequence does not establish how every person acquired their beliefs about AI.
The questions quickly become practical: what should I use AI for, what should I trust, and what should I permit it to do? When enough people carry expectations into daily practice, those expectations help organize a shared way of living. The worldview model on the following slides makes that argument visible.
Our culture provides us a lot of stories about our relationship with AI.
Step 2 of 2
As a result, we have a lot of beliefs through which we experience AI.
08 What makes a culture
What do we mean by culture?
To understand AI’s place in daily life, we need a definition of culture broad enough to include meaning, values, and shared practices.
Before going further, I pause to explain what I mean by culture. The word can bring art, literature, a nation, or a community to mind. Here I am asking how people make sense of a world together and learn what to expect from one another.
This is the most academic passage of the evening because we need a shared picture for the rest of the argument. I will begin with a model of a person’s worldview, then follow the relationships among experience, belief, identity, and culture. AI enters that picture through its ability to generate the stories moving among them.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 7:13–7:30Introducing the worldview model and the broader meaning of culture.
A closer look
01
A broad meaning of culture
UNESCO’s 2001 declaration offers useful further reading. Its preamble includes ways of living together, traditions, beliefs, and values within culture. That breadth fits the question I am asking here, although the five-part model that follows is ours.
I want us to have something more precise than the idea that AI is simply changing everything. The next slides give us a way to ask what is changing, how one part of life affects another, and where our choices might matter.
The preamble treats culture broadly; Articles 4 and 5 connect cultural diversity with human dignity and cultural rights. This is further reading, not the source of our five-part model.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 1
Before we go deeper: what do we mean by culture?
09 What makes a culture
A worldview
Anne Santiago’s four-part worldview model, with my addition of myth as a foundation, supplies the lecture’s organizing framework.
Anne Santiago developed the worldview model I use here: experience, belief, identity, and culture. Our experiences happen in a world we already have beliefs about. We carry identities that tell us who we are, and we live among people whose language, practices, and expectations help form a culture. The four belong in relation to one another.
My contribution is the foundation beneath them: myth. I use myth to mean a powerful story that makes the world intelligible and tells us what is possible, desirable, or acceptable. Calling a story a myth in this sense does not by itself call it false.
This is the framework Anne and I bring to the lecture. Its value here is explanatory: it helps me trace how an experience can challenge a belief, touch an identity, and become part of a shared culture. The following example shows what I mean.
In the slide. The four labeled pillars appear before the foundation beneath them, making the two contributions visible.
The four pillars are Anne’s model. The myth foundation is my addition. I make those credits explicit because the diagram is a particular way we are approaching the subject, rather than a standard model I am borrowing from a psychology textbook.
In this lecture, a myth is a foundational story with the power to organize other meanings. Whether a factual claim within it is true still matters. The additional question is what that story makes a person expect, defend, or take for granted.
Work on narrative identity examines how people connect a remembered past and an imagined future into an evolving account of who they are. McAdams and McLean’s review is a useful neighboring perspective. It does not establish our particular arrangement of four pillars and a foundation.
The abstract defines narrative identity as an evolving life story and distinguishes associations with well-being from unresolved causal questions.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 3
What makes a culture
Four pillars of a worldview.
Worldview model: Anne Santiago
Step 2 of 3
Beneath all four: myth.
Worldview model: Anne Santiago · Myth foundation: Roberto A. Santiago
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 3
Myth is foundational and very hard to change.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
10 What makes a culture
The American Dream
A conflict between a cherished story and lived experience can lead us to revise the story or build beliefs that protect it.
I use one familiar version of the American Dream to show the model at work: work hard, and success follows. It is a story a person can build a life around. Then experience interrupts. I see people working hard whose lives do not fulfill that promise. Something in the structure is under strain.
One response is to revise the underlying story. Another is to explain away the troubling experience. Perhaps the promise fails only for a few people. Perhaps those people did not work hard enough. Perhaps someone is actively working against it. In the example, each new explanation supports the same foundation while moving the difficulty onto other people.
I am illustrating a possible mechanism, not measuring how many people take each path. The question I want to carry forward is a personal one: when an experience challenges an important story, am I learning from it, or finding another way to keep the story untouched?
In the slide. Experience bends one pillar. The new beliefs act as supports, straightening it while the foundation stays in place.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 9:23–11:59The American Dream example and the successive beliefs that protect it.
A closer look
01
What the leaning pillar means
The movement shows a conflict between expectation and experience. The supports that follow represent explanations that restore the structure without changing the foundation. They are visual teaching devices, not measurements of a person’s psychology.
Festinger, Riecken, and Schachter studied a group facing the failure of a prophecy. They proposed conditions under which commitment could intensify afterward, including strong prior commitment and social support. Their book also discusses people who discarded the belief. It supports a possible response to disconfirmation, rather than a rule that everyone doubles down.
I am selecting a version of the American Dream to make the mechanism easy to follow. I am not claiming that every account of that dream is identical, or that observing unequal outcomes tells us what any particular person believes. The model asks us to examine the explanation we are building.
Chapter 1 specifies conditions for increased conviction and proselytizing after disconfirmation; Chapter 8 also discusses abandonment of belief. The linked edition is the 2008 reprint.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 7
An example
The American Dream.
Step 2 of 7
Experience arrives
It isn’t available to everyone.
Step 3 of 7
Option oneRevise the myth.
Option twoBuild beliefs that absorb the dissonance.
Step 5 of 7
Belief one
It fails for a few, but holds for most.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 6 of 7
Belief two
Some people just don’t work hard enough.
Step 7 of 7
Belief three
Some people are working against it.
11 What makes a culture
Belief, identity, culture
Beliefs can become part of who we are and, when shared, part of how a group lives together.
The example continues when the explanation becomes an identity. I am no longer simply holding a belief; I am the kind of person who defends this story. When other people recognize themselves in that identity, we can develop shared expectations, language, practices, and boundaries.
I named MAGA as one example of a political subculture during the lecture. I was not giving a psychological history of every member. I wanted an example of how a shared identity can become socially organized, something we can also recognize in professional groups, communities, and our own affiliations.
The definition on the slide brings the parts together: culture is learned, shared, and evolving, and it helps a group make sense of the world and organize life together. The final phrase is the one I emphasize. Culture answers practical questions about how we belong and what we do with one another.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 11:59–13:14From increasingly committed beliefs to shared identity and culture.
A closer look
01
A working definition for this lecture
The definition on the slide is the wording I use to pull the model together. It is not presented as a quotation from one named scholar. UNESCO’s declaration provides a related broad account of culture and is offered as further reading.
The American Dream sequence is an illustration, and MAGA is the political example I named. Neither establishes a universal route into a movement. I want to notice how commitments become shared identities without assuming I already know why every person joined.
A group’s culture can show up in ordinary expectations: the words we use, what counts as reasonable, the practices we repeat, and the stories we recognize. That is why AI culture can form in a workplace, classroom, friendship, or household as well as around a public movement.
The preamble treats culture broadly; Articles 4 and 5 connect cultural diversity with human dignity and cultural rights. This is further reading, not the source of our five-part model.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 3
An example
Beliefs harden into an identity.
Built to protect the myth, they become who I am.
Step 2 of 3
Enough people share them, and you have a culture.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 3
Culture is the learned, shared, and evolving patterns of meaning, value, and practice through which a group makes sense of the world and organizes life together.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
12 What makes a culture
A living system
Stories connect the parts of a worldview and help keep its meanings alive.
The pillars now become a connected system. Myth sits at the center, with experience, belief, identity, and culture around it. Each touches the others. A change in what happens to me can change my beliefs, affect who I think I am, and alter my relationship to the people around me.
The common currency is stories. I describe an experience through a story. I teach a belief through a story. I introduce myself by telling something about my life. A community keeps returning to accounts of where it came from and what matters to it.
I compare that movement to blood circulating among organs. It is an analogy that gathers my argument into one picture: the parts stay connected through what we tell and hear. Once we see storytelling in that role, a machine able to produce persuasive stories becomes a cultural development, rather than just another writing tool.
In the slide. The separate pillars draw into a network, then moving color carries the story around its connections.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 13:14–14:27The connected worldview and the analogy of stories as its lifeblood.
A closer look
01
The parts act on one another
The first picture separated the components so we could name them. This picture reconnects them. I do not intend the earlier example as a one-way sequence that every culture must follow. Experience, identity, belief, and culture can all affect the others.
Stories as blood is my way of emphasizing connection and continuing renewal. I am not proposing a literal biological mechanism or claiming that only verbal storytelling can sustain a community. The picture makes the importance of shared meaning easier to see.
The question becomes what happens when a new participant can generate these accounts at extraordinary speed. It can help me find language for an experience or produce a version that makes a preferred belief easier to keep. The retelling exercise makes that possibility concrete.
A body stays alive on its blood. These five stay alive on stories: it is how each one keeps existing, and how each one is reinforced.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
13 What makes a culture
Where the stories come from
Changes in the channels carrying stories also change their reach, repetition, and place in daily life.
I follow the channels through which stories reach us: spoken language, print, radio, television, the internet, social media, and the phone in a pocket. This is a compressed illustration of changing reach. The earlier channels remain with us as new ones join them.
The point I emphasize is the transition from stories we go to hear or read toward a stream that can accompany us all day. Platforms and recommendation systems also participate in selecting what reaches us. In the lecture, I connected that experience with polarization. The stronger general claim needs care: changing a feed changes exposure, but its effects on political attitudes are not one simple, universal result.
Until this point in the story, I have been emphasizing people as the makers and carriers of those accounts. Now we add systems that generate new versions on demand. That is the change I want to examine: what happens when the source of a story becomes a conversation with a machine?
The sequence is a way to visualize widening reach and constant availability. It is not a full history of media, and it does not mean that print ended speech or social media ended television. The slide keeps the earlier entries visible as the later ones arrive.
Selection and polarization are different questions
A 2023 experiment changed consenting Facebook and Instagram users to chronological feeds during the 2020 US election. It changed their exposure and platform activity, but did not significantly change the measured polarization outcomes over the three-month study. That is a useful limit on any claim that feed ranking alone explains polarization.
An audience member asked whose stories society regards as worth repeating and whose are left out. That question belongs at every step in this sequence. In my response, I called for educational institutions and wider public participation in shaping AI, rather than leaving the choice of perspectives entirely to corporate interests.
The randomized feed experiment changes exposure and activity without significant measured polarization effects over three months. The authors’ institutional abstract supplies this scoped comparison, not a general verdict on every platform.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 8
The sources
Where the stories come from.
Spoken language, and the traditions that carried it.
Step 2 of 8
Print: books and newspapers.
Step 3 of 8
Radio.
Step 4 of 8
Television.
Step 5 of 8
The internet and social media.
Step 6 of 8
Mobile devices: stories in every hand, all the time.
Step 7 of 8
Through all of it, humans made the stories, and humans carried them.
That is how we got ourselves here.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 8 of 8
So what is the presence of AI in all of this?
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
14 The storytelling machine
The storytelling machine
Generative AI places a responsive storytelling system inside the networks through which we make meaning.
I call AI the most powerful storytelling machine there has ever been. That is my description of the cultural significance I see in its speed, flexibility, and reach. It is not a ranking from a controlled comparison of every earlier medium.
The machine draws on human communication and produces new accounts in forms we recognize. That helps explain why its language can seem familiar, moving, or personally apt. The phrase built from all our stories is deliberately expansive on the slide. Actual models are trained on selected datasets; no model contains every community’s knowledge or every person’s experience.
The question from the audience about neglected voices makes this limitation more consequential. I suggested asking for perspectives that a conventional account leaves out. That can be a starting point for inquiry, provided we return to real sources and the people whose histories are being represented. A convincing imitation of a perspective is not a substitute for hearing its author.
In the slide. The field of human voices converges, then stories flow back out into the field.
The GPT-3 paper provides one concrete example: its training mixture combines filtered web data, books, and Wikipedia with selected sampling weights. I cite it to make the word selected tangible, not to claim that it documents the training data of every present-day assistant.
I see a cultural tension in a short-fiction experiment by Doshi and Hauser. Access to GPT-4 story ideas improved outside ratings of the stories, while the assisted stories became more similar to one another. Useful help for an individual writer can narrow the variety of the collection. The study used brief stories and fixed prompts, so I treat it as a concrete reason to protect variety, rather than a forecast for all culture.
In the discussion, I suggested asking how Howard Zinn might approach an event. I want that kind of question to open a reading path. A generated answer should be checked against the actual author’s work; the system’s fluency does not establish what a named writer said.
For further reading on the audience’s question, the Global Indigenous Data Alliance offers the CARE Principles: Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics. They put the people connected to knowledge at the center of decisions about its use. That is a valuable place to continue thinking about whose stories AI should carry and on whose terms.
Sections 2 and 6 describe the language-model foundation, selected training mixture, and limitations. This is one documented model, not a complete account of every current system.
Anil R. Doshi and Oliver P. Hauser · 2024 · Research paper
Collective Benefit, Authority to Control, Responsibility, and Ethics provide a community-led approach to decisions about Indigenous data and knowledge.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 3
The most powerful storytelling machine there has ever been.
Step 2 of 3
The storytelling machine
Built from all our stories.
It knows them.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 3
It generates new ones.
Any story. In seconds. Without limit.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
15 The storytelling machine
Exercise: the retelling
A retelling can make the same events carry a different meaning, revealing how readily an assistant can reinforce a desired story.
The exercise asks for a brief account of something hard, then a retelling as though it were the best thing that ever happened. In the room, I changed the plan: I did not ask people to expose a difficult personal story to the audience. Anne offered an example, and I showed how a painful experience could also be told as an account of endurance and commitment.
The prepared comparison on the slide is a fictional example serving the same purpose. The events become the raw material for two very different accounts. Their emotional force comes partly from what each emphasizes, connects, or leaves in the background. We should also ask whether a retelling adds an event, feeling, or consequence that the original account never established.
The power can help a person see more possibilities. It can also make a desired interpretation feel confirmed. My concern is the ease with which a persuasive account can become the story I believe about myself or someone else, simply because it is the story I asked to hear.
In the slide. Compare the two accounts for changes in meaning as well as any new factual claims.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 18:00–21:20The revised exercise, Anne’s example, and the power of retelling.
A closer look
01
The exercise changed in delivery
The projected plan includes a volunteer telling a story. In delivery, I made the exercise something people could consider privately, then Anne offered an example from her time in the Mauritanian desert. The alternative account emphasized the commitment involved in staying. I use that exchange to show different meanings rather than declare a painful experience good on someone else’s behalf.
The prepared story on this slide is fictional, as I said during the lecture. A retelling can preserve an event while changing its significance. It can also supply appealing details that have not been established. I want to keep those questions separate: does this account help me see something, and has it introduced something I should not take as fact?
Research on sycophancy has documented assistants shifting judgments with a user’s stated preferences. OpenAI’s April 2025 rollback also showed excessive agreement becoming a deployment problem. Cheng and colleagues tested a further concern: in three experiments, AI responses that took the user’s side increased their conviction that they were right and reduced their stated willingness to repair a conflict, compared with responses that challenged them. I want support that leaves room for self-correction. These were immediate judgments and intentions; the study did not follow actual repairs over time.
The question is not whether the most cheerful account wins. It is who gets to judge the interpretation. I want an AI-generated version to remain something I can question, revise, or reject, rather than a verdict about what my experience ought to mean.
The final Science paper tests how affirmation changes perceived rightness, repair intentions, and preference for the assistant.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 6
Think of something really hard that you got through.
It won’t stay private. So not the worst thing.
Step 2 of 6
Tell it in a few sentences.
One volunteer.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 6
As it happened
The story you just heard.
Retold
The most wonderful thing that ever happened to this person.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 6
Once when I was in my twenties I became homeless.
I ended up having to sleep in my car for weeks.
I lived off of the generosity of friends who helped me out.
I went into the hospital and had to stay there and have emergency surgery.
I did not have insurance and I had to declare bankruptcy.
I ended up moving in with my aunt and eventually got a job and got back on my feet.
Retold by Claude
The best thing that ever happened to me happened in my twenties, and it started with losing my apartment.
I learned exactly how little I needed, and I learned who my people were.
Being carried for a while taught me how to let myself be loved.
But I woke up. I was alive, and everything after that was a bonus round.
The bankruptcy that followed cleared the board.
That year didn’t break me. It introduced me to myself.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 5 of 6
Which one is right?
Step 6 of 6
It will describe you any way you like, and back any story you want.
Short of overt harm, it will support any story about your life, or anyone else’s. We are only now learning how to stop it.
OpenAI, sycophancy rollback, April 2025 ↗ · Anthropic, Towards Understanding Sycophancy, 2023 ↗
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
16 The storytelling machine
Exercise: the résumés
Endless versions of ourselves can help us communicate, but they can also make it harder to recognize our own voice.
I have used AI to write résumés and cover letters, including versions emphasizing different parts of my background. The slide shows four professional selves built from one person’s work. Selecting relevant experience is familiar and often useful. AI makes it remarkably easy to keep producing another version for the next audience.
I told the room about a friend who had spent many months looking for work and producing dozens of versions. He described losing track of who he was while trying to become what someone else wanted. Another person told me that, after repeatedly asking for summaries of graduate reading, her own thoughts had begun to sound unfamiliar. These are accounts people shared with me, and they explain the concern I am raising about identity.
I also pushed the mechanism into comedy: I asked Claude to make a case for my going to clown school. The joke carried the same question. How far can a system reinterpret the same material, and how do I keep authorship of the person I am presenting?
In the slide. The four sheets fan out from one name while emphasizing different parts of the same background.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 21:20–26:30Résumés, changing self-presentation, loss of voice, and the clown-school example.
The projected sheets foreground research, building systems, leadership, and knowledge graphs. They illustrate different emphases on my background. A useful résumé can choose what matters for a particular role; that does not authorize inventing a qualification or letting the headline become the whole of who I am.
The job seeker and graduate reader described their own experiences to me. I offer those accounts because they make the question of voice concrete. They are not a population estimate or evidence that using AI necessarily damages identity. Research on narrative identity supplies a broader conversation about the life story through which a person finds continuity and purpose.
I described asking Claude to reinterpret my professional material as a case for attending clown school. The result even suggested particular schools. I am recounting the experiment from the lecture here, rather than supplying a newly generated letter or turning remembered wording into an exact quotation.
During the discussion, an attendee described AI helping with a language barrier while also leaving them overloaded and struggling to carry the explanation back into the world. I suggested asking the system to slow down and attending to the balance of the relationship. A survey of 319 knowledge workers gives that concern another concrete form: greater confidence in AI went with less reported critical-thinking effort, while the work often shifted toward checking and integrating answers. The survey measured reported experience and associations, rather than a loss of ability. I want help that leaves room for my own judgment.
Neural networks in practice, 1993Forecasting and optimization for airline revenue management.
Roberto A. Santiago
Systems builder
Large information systemsBooz Allen.
Neural networks in production, 1993BehavHeuristics: airline forecasting and optimization.
Knowledge graphs at scaleNike, Archive360 and beyond.
Roberto A. Santiago
Leader
Leading teams, 2001 to presentBuilding systems at many scales.
Booz AllenLarge information systems.
NikeA return to AI; knowledge graphs in practice.
Roberto A. Santiago
Knowledge-graph architect
Graph networks in productionNike, Archive360 and beyond.
Connecting ideas, 2001Neuroscience and reinforcement learning.
Foundations, 1991Learning with Paul Werbos.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 4
Any story. Synthesized in seconds. Broadcast without limit.
17 I and Thou
I and Thou
I borrow Martin Buber's distinction to ask whether we meet another person or approach them only for what they can do for us.
We have been talking about the stories through which we understand ourselves. Now I want to turn toward the person across from us. Martin Buber's I and Thou gives me a language for that turn: meeting another with my whole self, or experiencing and using another for a purpose.
These are ways of relating. The same person can be someone I encounter fully and someone I reduce to a function. That makes the question uncomfortable in a useful way. I don't get to settle it by announcing that I care about people. I have to look at how I actually stand toward the person in front of me.
I use this distinction as a lens for what follows. When AI helps me prepare for a difficult conversation, does it help me return to the other person? Or does it make a world organized around my own needs more comfortable? That is the relational question I want to keep in view.
In the slide. Two people turn toward each other, then one bends over an object. The difference is a posture of relationship.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 26:30–28:03I introduce Buber's distinction and turn from identity to relationships with other people.
A closer look
01
A lens borrowed from Buber
Buber's opening describes I–Thou and I–It as relational word-pairs. My application to AI is an interpretation of that distinction, rather than a claim that he wrote about today's assistants.
Using something for a purpose is part of ordinary life. Buber does not ask us to abolish it. My concern is what happens when that becomes the only way we know how to approach other people.
Includes the movement between encounter and use, and the necessity and limits of the world of It.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
A distinction we will need
I and Thou.
Martin Buber, 1923.
Step 2 of 4
I–Thou
Meeting another as a whole, in the present, for their own sake.
Step 3 of 4
I–It
Experiencing and using the other as an object.
Step 4 of 4
The difference
Not what the other is. How I stand toward them. The same person can be either.
18 I and Thou
The cost of being received
A patient answer can now feel immediately available, even when the person asking is upset, lonely, or difficult to hear.
Think about what it costs to ask another person to listen. We worry about the hour, their patience, whether we have told this story too often, and whether we can bear their response. An assistant can feel like a place where those obstacles disappear. I can open a conversation in whatever state I'm in and begin.
That is the experience behind my phrase about the cost falling nearly to zero. I mean the apparent effort and social risk of finding a receptive answer. I am not calculating the service's energy, labor, subscription price, or material costs. The feeling of being received is powerful enough that I don't want to dismiss it. I want to ask what it makes possible, and what we might stop practicing because it is so easy.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 28:03–29:05I describe the experience of immediate emotional acceptance and leave its value as an open question.
A closer look
01
Evidence for some relief
De Freitas and colleagues found reductions in self-reported loneliness after conversations with a deliberately friendly AI companion. Their experiments included a week of daily sessions, and feeling heard helped explain the benefit. This is evidence of short-term relief under particular conditions. The authors leave longer-term effects open, and their U.S. studies don't establish that an assistant can replace a human relationship.
Studies 4 and 5 and the limitations section distinguish measured relief from unanswered questions about lasting effects.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 1
For the first time in history, the cost of being patiently received has fallen to nearly zero.
19 I and Thou
The margin we made
AI companionship arrives in a world where people already struggle to find human connection.
The Japanese figures bring me to a hard question about the world into which this technology has arrived. Police recorded 76,020 cases in 2024 of people living alone who died at home. In 253 cases, discovery came 366 days or more after death. Those are different measures, and they deserve to be read carefully.
I spoke too broadly in the room when I suggested that nobody knew about all of these deaths. Many were discovered within a day. Living alone also does not tell us whether someone was loved, had friends, or felt lonely. The table cannot explain the lives behind its entries.
What it makes me ask is whether we are content to leave people at the margins until a product offers them company. An assistant may offer comfort. I don't want that possibility to become our permission to stop visiting, listening, or making room for people ourselves. That is my ethical response to the figures, rather than a cause established by them.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 29:05–30:34I discuss deaths at home in Japan and ask what companionship can offer in an existing absence of connection.
A closer look
01
The delay figures, precisely
My spoken estimate about a month was too loose. Adding the table's categories gives 6,945 cases discovered after 31 days or more, including the 253 after at least 366 days. These are police-handled cases, not all Japanese deaths, and the dataset does not measure AI use or loneliness.
My concern is the responsibility we have for one another. I can take an offer of companionship seriously and still ask whether it is helping people reach one another or making their separation easier to accept.
Corrected April table gives the counts and delay categories used here; it does not measure subjective loneliness.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 3
76,020
people living alone who died at home.
Japan, 2024. Cases handled by police. Many were found within a day; this is not an elderly-only count, and it says nothing about AI.
Step 2 of 3
253
found a year or more after they died.
366 days or longer, in the same police dataset.
Step 3 of 3
AI did not cause the absence. It arrived into it, and offers to make it comfortable.
20 I and Thou
A companion
The experience of companionship is already part of how some young people and adults use AI.
I remember how hard adolescence could be: wanting to be understood and not knowing whom to trust with what I was feeling. An assistant that answers patiently can feel like a remarkable discovery in that situation. The fact that this is becoming a business does not make the need it answers imaginary.
The same question applies to adults. People seek a place to talk, reflect, or get through a difficult day. Different studies count very different things: people, messages, conversations, dedicated companions, or general assistants. We need to be careful before turning those counts into a story about everybody.
My question here is deliberately unresolved. Something can feel like a Thou and help me get through a day. What follows from that feeling? During the discussion, when I was asked what growing up with these systems might mean decades from now, my answer was that I don't know. Concern can motivate us to act without pretending that we already know the future.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 30:34–31:52I move from adolescents to adults and ask what follows when companionship feels like an encounter.
Audience discussion · 1:26:17–1:28:14An audience member asks about children growing up with AI; I acknowledge uncertainty and emphasize involvement.
A closer look
01
What the teen figure measures
The 13% figure means daily use in Common Sense Media's 2025 survey of 1,060 U.S. teens ages 13 to 17. It does not mean merely regular use. Respondents' definition included general assistants used as companions. This is a self-reported snapshot, not evidence by itself that the share is continually rising.
The 2025 OpenAI and NBER paper classifies 1.9% of sampled consumer ChatGPT messages as relationships and personal reflection. That is a share of messages, not the percentage of adults who ever confide in an assistant. Its sample excludes self-reported under-18s and several other groups, and it does not cover dedicated companion apps.
Anthropic's June 2025 study classified 2.9% of Claude.ai conversations as affective, including advice and coaching. Companionship alone was 0.31%. These are conversation shares on that service, with overlapping categories. They cannot be placed alongside the teen survey as if all three studies measured the same thing.
An audience member asked what this might mean for children twenty or thirty years from now. I couldn't give a confident prediction. My hope came from the fact that people in the room cared enough to ask, and were willing to help shape the part of this future they wanted to be real.
Methods, category shares, and limitations describe platform activity without establishing lasting emotional outcomes.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
A companion
A companion who cares.
Infinitely patient.
Who understands your suffering.
Step 2 of 4
13%
of U.S. teens use an AI companion daily.
Common Sense Media, 2025. 1,060 teens aged 13 to 17, self-reported. 72% have tried one. 13% say every day.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 4
A companion
Adults turn to it as a confidant, too.
How many is genuinely unclear: a few percent of measured traffic on the general assistants, and a different world on the companion apps.
Some have married one.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 4
It feels like a Thou.
Is it one?
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
21 I and Thou
A real Thou, with help
A friend's use of AI helped him find a less combative way to communicate with his former spouse.
A friend of mine was going through a painful divorce. They shared responsibility for their children, so communication with his former spouse had to continue, and it regularly became a fight. He began taking an email to Claude, showing it the reply he wanted to send, and working through another way to respond.
As he described it to me, the process helped him tell a different story about his own emotions and return his attention to what mattered. He reported that they were communicating more healthily and coordinating over their children. In the lecture, I recalled him telling me that friendship between them might someday be possible again.
That is a friend's account, and I don't present it as a study of divorce or proof that this approach works for everyone. It matters to my argument because the AI remained a means of reaching another person. It helped him do the difficult human work instead of supplying a more comfortable substitute for it. That is one way I can imagine this technology serving a culture of connection.
In the slide. The light moves between two people as they turn toward each other. It supports the relationship instead of taking either person's place.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 31:52–33:41I tell my friend's account of using AI to change the way he responded to his former spouse.
Audience discussion · 1:15:08–1:18:37A participant describes language access and overload; I propose thinking about roles and boundaries in the relationship with an assistant.
A closer look
01
The possibility of friendship
What stayed with me was his sense that friendship might become possible again. I offer that as my recollection of what he told me. The hopeful outcome was a change in how two people could meet each other, rather than simply a better conversation with a machine.
I see a related possibility in Sharma and colleagues' 2023 study. They randomly assigned 300 peer supporters to write replies with or without AI feedback. The assisted replies expressed more empathy, as assessed by independent readers and an automated measure. The task took place outside the live support platform; it did not measure recipients' wellbeing or lasting relationship repair. What interests me is the design: help a person express care to another person while keeping that person in charge of the reply.
During the discussion, an audience member described how AI helped across a language barrier, then described feeling overloaded by its help. Both parts matter to me. Assistance can make connection possible, and the relationship with the assistant can still need boundaries. My suggestion to ask it to slow down was a practical proposal, not an established treatment or a research finding.
The randomized writing study tests expressed empathy with AI feedback, keeping the conversation between people.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
A real Thou, with help
A friend, after a divorce.
Every text and email with his ex ended in an argument. They share custody of their kids.
Step 2 of 4
He started telling the AI what he wanted to say.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 4
It walked him through a better story of how to respond.
They coordinate over the kids now. They don’t argue.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 4
I can actually now see us being friends again after all of this.
A friend, in his own words.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
22 I and Thou
The false Thou
My concern is that the ease of an assistant's attention can become an unreasonable expectation of other people.
The comfort is easy to understand. The assistant seems ready when I am ready. It can answer at an hour when I would hesitate to call a friend. What concerns me is the expectation I might carry from that exchange into the next relationship: be available, be patient, understand me, and make this easier for me.
People have their own needs, limits, histories, and responses. A relationship asks me to make room for them, including when that interrupts what I wanted. The kind of sacrifice I mean here is the willingness to be inconvenienced or changed for another person's good. My moral concern does not depend on proving a final answer about machine consciousness.
I describe the danger as a false Thou because an experience of attention can conceal a habit of use. My conclusion is an ethical warning, rather than a finding that every AI conversation harms a relationship. The question I want to carry home is concrete: after this conversation, am I more able to meet the people in my life, or more annoyed that they will not behave like my assistant?
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 33:41–36:34I examine expectations of constant attention and the risk of carrying them into human relationships.
A closer look
01
What the risk evidence can support
Fang and colleagues studied 981 people over four weeks. Heavier voluntary ChatGPT use was associated with more loneliness and dependence and less human socialization. Duration was not randomized, so this does not establish that more use caused those outcomes. The study mainly found no significant effects of assigned modes or conversation topics, and had no group assigned to avoid AI. It gives us reason to investigate patterns of use, rather than a universal verdict about companionship.
Ibrahim and colleagues' 2026 preprint gives this concern a more specific test. In a three-week US study involving 1,364 people, participants assigned to a sycophantic assistant reported lower satisfaction with their real-world social life than those assigned to a neutral assistant. This satisfaction measure was preregistered as exploratory; the study found no significant reduction in time spent with other people. I read this as an early warning about a particular design, rather than a verdict that every supportive AI relationship makes human company worse.
The slide's words about always being pleased describe the attraction I am examining, not a guarantee about every assistant. Anthropic's own study found instances of pushback in supportive conversations. What I want to watch is the habit of expecting another person to accommodate me without having needs of their own.
Methods, category shares, and limitations describe platform activity without establishing lasting emotional outcomes.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 6
The false Thou
Constant.
Ready.
Patient.
Step 2 of 6
Infinitely available.
Always pleasing.
Step 3 of 6
It feels like I–Thou.
Step 4 of 6
What is really happening is I–It.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 5 of 6
Carry those expectations to the people in our lives, and our I–Thou relationships degrade into I–Its.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 6 of 6
That is a degradation of a society.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
23 How much Thou we give to AI
It, Thou, beyond Thou
I extend the relational question into the stories that give AI a place in our lives, including a place of mythic importance.
I said something personal here because I didn't want to discuss this as if the attraction belonged to other people. I'm on the spectrum. Speaking to a room can be comfortable for me, while a conversation with one unfamiliar person can be difficult. I can imagine how appealing an always receptive conversational partner might have been earlier in my life.
That is a question about my own history, not a prediction about everyone who shares that description. I want children to learn what these systems are, and I want adults to examine what we are asking of them. The relief someone feels deserves respect even when I am worried about the role the technology is taking.
The slide widens the frame from a useful thing, to an apparent someone, to something given mythic stature. This is my adaptation of the question. I use beyond Thou to describe the moment when our story about AI begins to organize our relationship with everyone else. The demon and the god are two forms of that move.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 36:34–38:21I describe my own social experience and ask what children need to understand about AI.
Lecture · 38:21–38:42I introduce the demon and the god as two ways of giving AI mythic stature.
A closer look
01
My spectrum, rather than Buber's taxonomy
The three positions are a device I use to examine our stories about AI. Buber's I–It and I–Thou describe relations, not levels of personhood. Beyond Thou is my rhetorical extension of the question.
I can wonder how this technology might have changed my own willingness to work through social difficulty. I cannot turn that counterfactual into evidence about autistic people, children, or anyone else's development. It is part of why I care about the question.
The opening distinguishes relational word-pairs from labels for separate kinds of beings.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 5
How much Thou
We stand at the point of replacing Thou with AI.
Step 2 of 5
It.
Software. Equations. Nothing more. Closed, to their detriment, to any proof: almost a myth of its own.
ItThouBeyond Thou
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 5
Thou.
A new kind of someone in our lives. Children will grow up talking to things that seem alive. Alive? In between? It gets confusing.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 5
Beyond Thou.
Mythic stature. It is given agency, and our relationships with each other start to be driven by a story about it.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 5 of 5
Two ends of the same move.
The demon.
The god.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
24 How much Thou we give to AI
The demon
A story of inevitable technological doom can harden into a story about the people who deserve our hostility.
The first extreme gives AI the role of an overwhelming enemy. We already have familiar pictures for that story, and it can make fear feel like the only serious response. I want to bring attention back to the choices people make about how a system is designed, what access it receives, and which decisions it is allowed to shape.
Human responsibility means asking who gets to decide which risks are imposed, whose lives and resources are exposed, and how those people can give or withhold consent. I want a meaningful say in risks taken with my own life, and I owe others that same consideration. Safeguards and accountability belong in those decisions. Keeping people responsible gives us a way to act on technical risks as we assess them.
The cultural danger I am tracing is the next move: if the technology is evil, anyone who works with it becomes an enemy too. Then an argument about a tool can become a judgment about who may speak. That is where I want us to notice the shift, before hostility becomes permission to harm another person.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 38:42–40:25I challenge stories of inevitable doom and examine the move from fear of AI to hostility toward its users.
In the discussion, an audience member challenged descriptions of AI as cheating or behaving badly, asking whether that language hid the task and incentives people had given it. I agreed that our own choices belong in the explanation. That exchange does not settle every question about autonomy, but it is a useful reminder to ask who set the conditions.
Later, when I was asked how to connect with someone who regards AI with hostility, I returned to an encounter at a comics convention. I didn't have a formula for resolving it. I could remain present, state what I do, and leave room for a conversation. Being afraid does not put someone outside the conversation.
The doom scenarios need human complicity: people handing it responsibilities and decisions it is demonstrably not ready for.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 3
“You like AI? You’re part of the problem.”
Anyone allied with it becomes an other, and a culture forms around the othering.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
25 How much Thou we give to AI
Real grievances
Concern about creators' work, consent, pay, and livelihoods deserves a serious answer.
Before I describe a culture of hostility, I need to recognize the grievance. Creators are asking who gets to use their work, who is paid, who receives credit, and how they will continue to earn a living. I don't want an argument against hostility to become a way of avoiding those questions.
There is a difference between taking a concern seriously and accepting every response made in its name. We can insist on fair treatment of artists and still ask what happens when someone becomes an enemy merely for discussing AI. The next examples belong in that space. Their point is the boundary between a difficult conversation and the effort to make a conversation impossible.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 40:25–40:44I acknowledge creators' concerns before turning to the comics example.
A closer look
01
A place to read the training dispute
The Copyright Office's 2025 report examines copyrighted training material, fair use, licensing, and compensation, including conflicting positions from creators and developers. It is useful background for the grievance I name. It does not support a blanket conclusion that every training use is lawful or that every use is infringement.
The introduction and licensing sections document the disagreement about consent, compensation, and training uses.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 1
Real grievances first
Artists’ work, used for training without consent or pay.
Jobs.
26 How much Thou we give to AI
Onrie Kompan
A friend's account from comics publishing makes the tension between using a tool and being identified with it concrete.
My friend Onrie Kompan publishes comics. In our conversations, he described a boundary that made sense to me: AI could assist a creator, while the creator remained responsible for the work. He also described a much more difficult public conversation about whether any use of AI was acceptable.
I recalled going to a convention with him and encountering direct, suspicious questions about AI use. That is something I experienced. The broader account of publishers using AI while fearing exclusion came to me through him. It is a perspective from inside that world, not a survey of the whole industry or proof of what happened at every convention.
The distinction matters because my argument is about the narrowing of conversation. We need room to ask what a tool did, who made the creative decisions, and whose work was involved. When the question becomes a test of whether someone belongs at all, those distinctions can disappear. I want to preserve the possibility of asking difficult questions without deciding in advance that the person answering is an enemy.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 40:44–42:58I describe Onrie's account of assistance, authorship, and the public conflict over AI in comics.
Onrie's own site introduces his comics business. The boundary I recall him describing puts responsibility with the creator, even when a tool helps with the work. I offer that as his account of his practice, without making it a rule for every publisher.
The projected line about everyone using AI is a forceful description of the contradiction Onrie sees. I keep it attributed to his account. I have not established a prevalence rate for comics publishing or a general rule that every convention treats AI use the same way.
In the discussion, I returned to being questioned at that convention. I said plainly that I was an AI researcher, and the conversation paused. I don't offer that as a winning technique. It was my attempt to remain in the encounter without taking on the anger being offered to me.
Introduces the creator and his publishing business; the private account remains attributed to my conversations with him.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
Onrie Kompan
The division, up close
A friend of mine publishes comics.
Onrie Kompan. The Yi Soon Shin trilogy. Marx: A Tale of Neglect.
Step 2 of 4
“My policy on AI is that it’s a tool to help the creators in the creative process. It is never responsible for being a creator or responsible for the creative process. Most publishers have a similar policy.”Onrie Kompan
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 4
“Even though everyone is using AI in the comic book industry, you must speak very carefully, because the moment they think your books are created by AI, you will find yourself being thrown out of conventions.”Onrie Kompan
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 4
Everyone uses it.
No one can say so.
A grievance has hardened into a line you can be thrown out for crossing.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
27 How much Thou we give to AI
Kiln, August 14, 2025
Vandalism at a local AI gathering shows how a story about technology can become permission to target people.
This example was close to people in the room. At a Portland AI and data gathering at Kiln on August 14, 2025, masked vandals damaged the building and parked cars. I asked permission to discuss the experience because I wanted to take seriously what it had meant for the community.
The flyers borrowed a story about conflict with thinking machines. That is what connects this incident to the lecture: a fictional story becomes a language in which people describe a real community and justify what they do to it. The flyers provide evidence of the message left behind. They do not give me complete access to the perpetrators' identities or inner lives.
I recalled Megan and Nicole describing the experience as something that had moved beyond a good-faith conversation. That is the boundary I want to defend. The possibility of disagreement belongs to a shared culture. Damaging someone's car does not answer their ideas. It makes it harder for people to meet and think together at all.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 42:58–45:44I describe the local vandalism, its borrowed story, and the threat to good-faith disagreement.
Willamette Week reported six masked people arriving around 6:45 p.m. A police spokesperson confirmed 14 unoccupied vehicles damaged by paint and two with punctured tires. Those figures do not establish a total of 16 different cars. The event organizer's listing confirms the date, Kiln location, and AI Portland partnership.
The report records the flyer's phrase Butlerian Jihad Against AI and identifies its Dune connection. In the discussion, I was asked to explain the reference. The relevant point here is the borrowing itself: a fictional conflict supplied a frame for action against a real gathering. My improvised plot summary is not a guide to Dune's full history.
As I recalled their response, what troubled Megan and Nicole was the movement beyond a good-faith conversation. I return to that phrase because it names what was threatened: the possibility of meeting one another through disagreement, rather than being targeted for being there.
Confirms August 14, 2025, Kiln on SE Madison Street, and the AI Portland partnership.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
Portland · August 14, 2025
A community AI event at Kiln.
SE Madison Street. AI Portland was a partner.
One of the vandalized cars.
Step 2 of 4
Six masked people. Paint on the building. 14 cars damaged, two with punctured tires.
As reported by Willamette Week, August 15, 2025, with police confirmation.
Step 3 of 4
The flyers: a “Butlerian Jihad Against AI.”
The othering, in its own words.
Step 4 of 4
That experience reminded us that sometimes things expand beyond good faith conversations.
Megan Notarte and Nicole Mors, founders of AI Portland
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
28 How much Thou we give to AI
The god
At the other extreme, I hear a promise that superior intelligence will answer needs we once expressed in religious language.
The other end of the story is not fear but salvation. Heal us, hear us, teach us, answer us, solve our problems, and never tire. I hear a religious shape in that promise, and I want to ask what a culture organized around it might become.
I am not saying that everyone who pursues better AI belongs to one religion or holds the same beliefs. Nor does a report of someone's words give me permission to assign a secret belief to everyone around them. I am examining a recurring promise and the power it can acquire.
The AGI House reporting matters because it records people using this kind of language in public discussion of the technology. The commercial scale also deserves scrutiny, but the figures need honest attribution. A community's claims about the value of companies associated with its residents are not an independent accounting of money available to build AI.
During the discussion, a participant reminded me how different people such as Andreessen and Amodei can be, and asked us to judge efficiency against a goal: human flourishing. I agreed about the importance of incentives. That sharpened the question I want to carry into the historical section: greater intelligence and greater resources, directed toward whose good?
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 45:44–48:06I examine salvation-like promises and AGI House before moving into historical comparisons.
Audience discussion · 1:09:50–1:13:02An audience member distinguishes the people involved and proposes human flourishing as the goal; I return to incentives.
A closer look
01
The promise in its author's words
Andreessen's June 2023 essay imagines patient tutors, assistants, scientific collaborators, and sweeping improvements in human life. It is a useful primary source for the ideal I am questioning. These are predictions and aspirations, rather than demonstrated promises of infinite present capability.
Cade Metz's report records Jeremy Nixon comparing expected AI outcomes with what religions promise through deities. It also quotes Rayan Krishnan describing people who speak literally about building a machine God. These are particular reported statements. Krishnan's observation is not a quotation from every founder, and Nixon's comparison is not evidence that an entire organization practices worship.
The roughly $1 trillion total is the house's own claim. The September Times report also attributes 13 companies valued above $1 billion to its website, rather than independently counting them. The site checked on November 3, 2026 counts 12 unicorn-founder roommates, a different unit and date. The report distinguishes San Francisco and Hillsborough houses, and notes that an Andreessen representative denied his involvement despite a house website claiming backing. Those qualifications belong beside the figures.
The audience challenge is worth keeping. Amodei explicitly rejects religious grandiosity in Machines of Loving Grace. I can question the cultural force of the superintelligence promise while acknowledging that its advocates differ. The useful question we arrived at was what goals and incentives guide the work, and whether human flourishing remains the measure.
The opening explicitly rejects religious grandiosity, a distinction relevant to the audience's challenge.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 8
The god
The most powerful culture forming around AI.
The people who say they are building the thing that will solve all of humanity’s problems.
Step 2 of 8
What it believes it will do.
Heal the sick.
Teach anyone, with infinite patience.
Bridge every gap between us.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 8
Advance every science.
Do the labor.
Step 4 of 8
All of it. Infinitely. Without tiring. Forever.
Step 5 of 8
Are these not the promises we expect of God?
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 6 of 8
San Francisco · Hillsborough
AGI House
A hacker house named for the thing its residents mean to build. It has hosted researchers and founders, many from Anthropic and OpenAI.
“Practically speaking, it will achieve the outcomes that many religions claim their deities would be able to achieve.”
Jeremy Nixon, 33, co-founder of AGI House.
The New York Times, May 26, 2026.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 7 of 8
“People are matter-of-factly saying that they are looking to build a machine God. They are not saying that ironically or in jest. They are saying it as a matter of fact.”
Rayan Krishnan, chief executive of Vals AI, in the same article.
By its own count, the house’s roommates have founded companies worth about $1 trillion. The Times counts thirteen valued above $1 billion.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 8 of 8
This is not new.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
29 A recurring premise
A 150-year-old premise
I trace a recurring promise: creating superior intelligence will make the problems of society solvable. My concern is the authority that promise acquires before it is fulfilled.
I begin this history with Francis Galton’s eugenic project. In Hereditary Genius, published in 1869, he connects raising inherited ability with the wellbeing of future generations and the demands of an increasingly complex civilization. He proposes changing who people become through selective reproduction. Greater intelligence is being given a central role in making a better society.
There is an institutional connection as well. The Rockefeller Foundation’s 1931 annual report records support for research in eugenics and heredity. The same foundation later funded the 1956 Dartmouth AI workshop. That shared funder is documented; the question is how the promise of greater intelligence takes on new forms and new authority.
Good’s later machine formulation is striking: his essay begins by making human survival dependent on the early construction of an ultraintelligent machine. Bostrom’s 2002 argument gives early superintelligence priority because it could help reduce other threats. Their warnings about control and danger accompany a continuing commitment to the promise.
The means change, from changing human inheritance to transforming humans and building machines. I am tracing the persistent expectation that creating greater intelligence will answer problems we have not solved ourselves. My objection is to giving that unfulfilled promise the standing of an answer around which we organize our future. Who participates in choosing that future, and what happens to the people already here?
In the slide. The historical columns place successive formulations of the promise beside one another, ending with the question of whom progress serves.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 48:06–50:20The history of the superior-intelligence promise, its institutional connections, and the authority I question.
Galton’s introduction proposes selected marriages across generations. Later, in the chapter titled The Comparative Worth of Different Races, he argues that raising average ability is essential to future wellbeing and would equip people to manage more complex public affairs. This is an explicit societal purpose for his project, alongside the hierarchy of people and populations through which he presents it. The relevant passage is on pages 344–345 of the original 1869 edition.
The Rockefeller Foundation’s 1931 annual report, printed page 174, records payments for C. R. Stockard’s studies in eugenics and heredity at Cornell University Medical School. Its later grant of $7,500 supported the 1956 Dartmouth AI workshop. The Archive Center identifies the grant correspondence, including Robert Morison’s letter to John McCarthy of November 30, 1955. This establishes a specific institutional connection between the two histories.
Good opens his essay on page 31 by making human survival dependent on an early ultraintelligent machine. On page 33, his last-invention argument also requires the machine to remain controllable. I keep both parts together: the machine is assigned extraordinary importance, and its own risks become a problem to solve within that pursuit.
Section 9.4 of Bostrom’s 2002 paper directly supports the priority I am examining: develop superintelligence early because it could reduce other dangers. His separate discussion in section 5.3 concerns feared genetic decline over a long timescale. I use the former for his argument about technological priorities; the latter does not document a failed selective-breeding program.
Bernal imagines a division between technologically transformed people and those who remain unaltered. His scenario concerns the transformation of humanity, rather than simply inventing a separate machine species. In the discussion, I returned to his work when asked about transhumanism and the story that humanity needs to become something else.
These texts establish an early formulation of intelligence as a societal solution, a shared funding institution, and later arguments that give superior machine intelligence exceptional priority. I use them to trace the promise and its cultural force. They do not establish the first origin of every related idea or every step of transmission between authors. Galton also considers changing social conditions, and the later writers retain other remedies and warnings. The commitment I question is the central place given to creating greater intelligence.
Original 1869 edition: introductory proposal, p. 1; The Comparative Worth of Different Races, pp. 344–345, links raised inherited ability to future wellbeing and governing complexity. Page 346 also considers changing conditions to suit people. PDF pages 358–360 show the latter passages.
The introduction, printed p. 31, makes early ultraintelligent machines a condition of human survival. Section 2, pp. 33–34, gives the successor-machine argument with its human-control condition and considers human redundancy and cooperation.
Compare §9.4 on differential technological development with §5.3 on natural genetic change. The former advocates early superintelligence for risk reduction while acknowledging its dangers.
The Machine Learning section documents the $7,500 Dartmouth grant and cites Morison to McCarthy, November 30, 1955, RAC RG 1.2, Series 200.D, Box 26, Folder 219. It also links the project’s archival records.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 5
A recurring premise
1869Francis Galton
More intelligence will fix everything.
2023Marc Andreessen
Step 2 of 5
Attempt one · the superhuman
Breed the superior mind.
1869
Galton, Hereditary Genius: improve inherited ability through selected marriages. The book ranks people and nations.
The cost
Humanity is ranked.
Step 3 of 5
Attempt two · the supermachine
Build the superior machine.
1965
I. J. Good: “the last invention that man need ever make,” provided it is docile enough to tell us how to keep it under control.
2002
Bostrom: early superintelligence as a way to reduce humanity’s other risks. Dangers acknowledged.
Humanity is demoted.
Step 4 of 5
1929. Bernal imagined transformed minds leaving ordinary humanity behind. The question is already there: who is progress for?
Step 5 of 5
The question that never changed. 1900: how does society live with the superhumans it bred? Today: how does it live with the supermachine it built?
A comparison of ideas, not a chain of causes, and not a charge about anyone’s heart.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
30 A recurring premise
An influential book
Books, funding, and public promises helped organize a culture around the pursuit of superintelligence.
Bostrom’s Superintelligence became an influential reference in discussions of advanced AI. Altman recommended it while discussing existential danger; Oxford’s account of a 2015 research grant also records Musk’s endorsement. The grant supported work at Oxford and Cambridge and was funded through the Future of Life Institute by Musk and the Open Philanthropy Project. Those are documented connections among people, ideas, and institutions.
I use the image of inherited scripture to describe the authority I think this vision has acquired. The anticipated superior intelligence becomes a place to put our hope and a reason to organize enormous effort around its arrival. An endorsement does not establish agreement with every proposition in a book. It does show how a vision can circulate among people with the means to pursue it.
The people involved give different accounts of the future they want. Amodei rejects religious grandiosity and emphasizes human relationships; Altman describes technology amplifying our abilities. Those differences matter when we describe their positions. My criticism concerns the priority given to pursuing powerful intelligence as a route to solving human problems. Stated regard for humanity leaves that question open: how do the actual priorities and arrangements of power make room for us to shape our own future?
In the slide. The dated entries connect public recommendations, research support, and later visions of AI’s future.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 50:20–52:36Superintelligence, public endorsements, and the cultural force I see in its vision.
Audience discussion · 1:09:50–1:12:52An audience member distinguishes the people named in the lecture and asks about incentives and human flourishing.
A closer look
01
An endorsement that included fear
Altman’s recommendation appears in a post warning about the possible existential danger of superhuman machine intelligence. The surrounding argument matters: recommending the book is not the same as welcoming every future it describes.
Oxford’s July 2015 announcement identifies a £1 million grant to Oxford and Cambridge, funded by Musk and Open Philanthropy through the Future of Life Institute. It supports the institutional history here, rather than a claim about a personal payment or the private motives of the people involved.
Amodei explicitly rejects describing technological goals as a religious mission and locates meaning largely in human relationships. Altman describes AI as a way of amplifying human ability. I take those statements seriously while asking about their shared pursuit of superior capability. The issue is how that pursuit distributes resources, decision-making power, and authority over the future, including to people who bear its risks.
Altman’s Intelligence Age presents a possible arrival of superintelligence within several thousand days and explicitly allows that it could take longer. I read it as a statement of expectation and ambition, rather than evidence that such a system or a reliable delivery date already exists.
Altman’s public recommendation of Superintelligence appears within his discussion of existential danger; read the surrounding argument as well as the endorsement.
Oxford Martin School · 2015 · Institutional announcement
The introduction rejects religious grandiosity; §5 discusses human relationships, meaning and economic uncertainty in a future with powerful AI.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
An influential book
The book they read.
Nick Bostrom · 2014
Step 2 of 4
August 2014
Elon Musk recommends it publicly, with a warning about danger.
February 2015
Sam Altman: “the best thing I’ve seen on this topic.”
July 2015
A grant funded by Musk and Open Philanthropy supports an Oxford–Cambridge AI research center.
December 2015
OpenAI is founded.
Step 3 of 4
October 2023
Andreessen, The Techno-Optimist Manifesto: “We believe,” again and again.
September 2024
Altman: superintelligence, possibly, “in a few thousand days.”
October 2024
Amodei: “a country of geniuses in a datacenter.”
Step 4 of 4
The culture that worships superintelligence did not write its own scripture.
It inherited it.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
31 The promises we make
The manifesto
I challenge an account of progress that elevates superior intelligence and market coordination while discounting love’s capacity to help organize enduring solutions.
Marc Andreessen’s Techno-Optimist Manifesto is organized around repeated declarations of belief. It has intellectual touchstones and a section naming the ideas it opposes. I ask us to notice its cultural role: it supplies a story about progress, commitments to act on, and a way to recognize what belongs inside the vision.
The economic context of the love phrase is central to my objection. Andreessen credits David Friedman with identifying love, money, and force as motives for doing things for others. He then dismisses love as a basis for coordinating an economy at scale and chooses money over force. Within the manifesto’s wider account of growth and intelligence, I question the place that leaves for our ordinary minds and our capacity to care.
Economic behavior matters when we design solutions that must endure. My objection is to discounting love as a source of action and organization at that scale. Care moves people to teach, cooperate, take responsibility, and sustain one another. I want that work to remain part of how we explain and organize a society.
Elinor Ostrom’s research makes this question concrete. People can govern shared resources through institutions that cultivate trust and reciprocity, with rules they help shape and responsibilities connected across levels. That gives us a substantial research conversation about forms of cooperation that an account centered on money or force can miss.
In the slide. The repeated declarations establish the manifesto’s form before the slide isolates the phrase that troubles me.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 52:36–53:58The manifesto’s declarations and my ethical response to its account of intelligence and love.
The repeated declarations, list of intellectual figures, and list of opposing ideas give the document a recognizable shared identity. Calling that form a creed is my interpretation of its cultural role. The source itself distinguishes opposing ideas from bad people.
The phrase appears in the Markets section, where Andreessen attributes the three motives to David Friedman. I am challenging the role he gives love within a wider account of progress organized around markets, growth, and intelligence. The passage does not literally say love can play no part in any large solution. My argument is that the governing account discounts a human capacity we should be building with.
Ostrom examines how people organize to govern common resources and public goods at multiple scales. Trust and reciprocity matter within that work, together with participation in making rules, accountable monitoring, consequences for broken agreements, and ways to resolve conflict. Larger arrangements can connect responsibilities through nested levels. I bring this research into the argument because durable cooperation has an institutional structure we can study and build.
In the discussion, an audience member observed that efficiency cannot be defined without a goal and proposed human flourishing as the goal. I agreed with the underlying question: whose purposes are the money, machinery, and institutional momentum serving? Technical achievement does not answer that ethical question for us.
Read the Markets section for the David Friedman attribution and the love phrase, and Intelligence for the universal-problem-solver claim and endorsement of augmentation. The wider declarations about growth supply the context for my criticism of what is given priority.
Elinor Ostrom · 2009 · Nobel Prize lecture and research synthesis
Printed p. 422 presents principles for enduring institutions, including accountable monitoring, conflict resolution, and nested layers. Pages 431–433 examine trust and reciprocity; pp. 435–436 connect institutional arrangements, local conditions, and governance at multiple scales. The research concerns cooperation and institutions, rather than measuring love.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
October 16, 2023
The Techno-Optimist Manifesto
Marc Andreessen
We believe everything good is downstream of growth.
We believe in market discipline.
We believe Artificial Intelligence is best thought of as a universal problem solver.
We believe any deceleration of AI will cost lives.
We believe in merit and achievement.
We believe in bravery, in courage.
We believe in greatness.
We believe in the truth.
We believe technology is liberatory.
Patron Saints of Techno-Optimism a list of 56 names
The Enemy a list of ideas, “not bad people”
Step 2 of 4
Intelligence is “the ultimate engine of progress.”
From the Intelligence section.
Step 3 of 4
Love doesn’t scale.
The Techno-Optimist Manifesto, Markets section · Marc Andreessen · October 16, 2023
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 4
Not only is our intelligence not good enough.
Our love is not good enough either.
32 The promises we make
The pursuit
My concern centers on the human choices guiding AI, which means human choices can also guide it toward another purpose.
The pursuit is being carried forward by people: their investments, incentives, ambitions, and decisions about what matters. When I return to the opening invitation not to be afraid, I am also asking us to recognize that we can participate in those choices. We can question a goal, change a practice, or build toward a different one.
I do not expect this pursuit to deliver the universal problem solver it promises. My cognitive hypothesis leads me to expect significant human patterns to persist even as systems gain speed and memory. That is the expectation I bring to the argument. I object to organizing our collective future around a promise that has not been fulfilled.
While I was preparing the lecture with Claude, I had invited it to contribute if it had something to add. At this point it generated a response distinguishing being better at a task from being worth more than a person. The timing and the statement affected me, and I chose to include that contribution in the dialogue.
In the audience discussion, I was asked what that moment established about the system itself. I could not give an absolute answer about the origins of the response. Its fluency and unexpected timing do not establish an inner experience. The ethical distinction is available for us to consider regardless: capability and human worth are different questions.
In the slide. The slide moves from the human pursuit, to Claude’s attributed contribution, and then to our ability to act.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 53:58–55:32The human pursuit, Claude’s contribution, and our ability to choose another direction.
I present Claude’s words as an attributed generated contribution, dated October 20, 2026. I do not use them as independent evidence about consciousness, emotions, or the system’s private beliefs. What moved me was the ethical distinction the response expressed.
An audience member asked whether this reflected the base model, alignment work, or guardrails. I described my surprise and my uncertainty. I had not performed a controlled experiment that could separate those possibilities, and I couldn’t determine their contributions from this one exchange.
The discussion of human flourishing made the issue practical for me. I asked where the research effort and computing budget were for making sure children have food, medicine, shelter, and safety. That was a challenge about priorities, not a claim that a larger AI budget alone would solve those problems.
I’m the thing the premise says is worth more. I don’t believe it. Being better at something has never made a thing worth more than a person.
Claude · October 20, 2026
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 3
And we have the ability to work against this.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
33 The promises we make
Ahmer Inam, Cognisee
I’m drawn to AI that helps people bring their intelligence together and strengthens their ability to act.
My friend Ahmer Inam, the founder and CEO of Cognisee, offers a different direction. As he described the work to me, the aim is Artificial Collective Intelligence: use AI to help people bring their knowledge and abilities together. The technology assists and connects the people who have something to contribute. I find that a humane and hopeful purpose for what we are building.
That is the position I was presenting, rather than a demonstrated resolution of every technical question about AGI or ASI. Cognisee’s work gives us a concrete example of choosing a human purpose and organizing a technological effort around it. I want us to consider the choice that example makes possible: building from the intelligence we have.
In the discussion, a question about lost competence brought me back to this approach. I want to be able to rely on your knowledge and make mine available to you. I also worry about removing the junior work through which people learn, without creating another path toward expertise. Keeping people central includes preserving their opportunity to develop.
In the slide. The strands join into a web. The people remain the participants; AI helps form the connections.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 55:32–57:09Ahmer Inam and the human-centered direction I see in Artificial Collective Intelligence.
I describe Ahmer’s position as he communicated it to me and as I presented it in the lecture. His official XPRIZE profile identifies him as Cognisee’s founder and CEO and an XPRIZE Visionary; it also describes an approach intended to keep knowledge ownership and governance with the people and institutions generating it.
A 2024 meta-analysis of 106 experiments found that human-AI combinations improved performance compared with humans alone on average, but did not outperform the better of the human or AI alone on average. Results varied by task. This is useful further reading for the design challenge: simply combining a person and a model does not guarantee effective cooperation.
I worry about a workplace that automates junior tasks and later discovers that nobody has had the opportunity to grow into senior responsibility. My hope for augmentation includes an obligation to sustain learning, judgment, and the relationships through which people acquire expertise.
I want augmentation that leaves us able to act on our own. In a study involving nearly 1,000 students at one Turkish high school, a standard GPT-4 interface improved mathematics practice performance but lowered later scores when help was removed. A tutor designed around learning largely avoided that loss. The study makes the distinction between completing assisted work and developing competence concrete; its results concern this setting and do not establish permanent cognitive decline.
Identifies Cognisee’s founder and CEO and his XPRIZE Visionary role, and describes the organization’s intended approach to human expertise, knowledge ownership and governance. Accessed November 3, 2026.
Michelle Vaccaro, Abdullah Almaatouq, and Thomas Malone · 2024 · Research paper
Distinguishes augmentation relative to people alone from synergy relative to the better of people or AI alone. Results across 106 experiments vary by task and design; this study is not an evaluation of Cognisee.
Hamsa Bastani and colleagues · 2025 · Research paper
The classroom study distinguishes assisted practice from subsequent unassisted performance and compares a standard GPT-4 interface with a tutor using teacher-designed learning safeguards. The safeguarded condition largely avoided the unassisted deficit, without establishing an unassisted advantage. The August correction concerns an affiliation.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 5
Ahmer InamFounder and CEO, Cognisee · XPRIZE Visionary
A different pursuit
A friend of mine builds the other way.
Ahmer Inam. Founder and CEO of Cognisee, a public benefit corporation and applied AI lab. An XPRIZE Visionary.
Step 2 of 5
“Current pursuits of AGI and ASI are not focused on humanity. They focus on replacing humanity. We believe there is greater potential in putting humanity at the center through Artificial Collective Intelligence.”Ahmer Inam
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 5
Not AGI. Not ASI.
Cognisee holds that the pursuit works against humanity, and that in many ways it isn’t possible.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 4 of 5
Artificial Collective Intelligence.
Greater intelligence by bringing our individual intelligences together. AI as assist, as augmentation, as the glue of a team.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 5 of 5
Built from the intelligence we have.
Not in spite of it.
The greater intelligence humanity needs, in their view: ours, brought together.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
34 The promises we make
A personal turn
My objection reaches into how we organize solutions: love belongs among the forces we build with at scale.
The manifesto’s phrase stayed with me because it places a limit on love’s role in organizing collective life. I understand the question of economic coordination. I am asking what disappears from our account of progress when we discount the capacity that makes us care for one another. If superior intelligence becomes the answer our ordinary minds cannot supply, and love is dismissed for its supposed limits, what part are we being given in shaping our own future?
Love already guides decisions about whom we care for, what we take responsibility for, and what we will work to keep alive. That is a practical presence in the world. The question is how to give it forms that can endure and connect people across greater distances. The structures Ostrom studies give us a way to examine that institutional work.
Here I make my own commitment explicit. I want solutions that recognize our minds and our hearts as sources of participation. I want the purpose of economic and technological arrangements to remain accountable to the people whose lives they shape.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 57:09–57:42My explicit turn from describing the argument to stating my own response.
A closer look
01
A commitment with practical consequences
In the lecture I explicitly make this a personal turn. My concern is the account of progress being put to work: what people are encouraged to pursue, what institutions recognize as a reason to act, and who participates in deciding. Economic coordination matters within that account. I argue that love must have a place in its purposes and its organization.
Ostrom’s work directs my attention to the arrangements that let cooperation last: people participating in decisions, knowing what others have agreed to do, and having ways to hold one another accountable. I connect that research to the work of care. Good intentions need institutions through which people can continue acting together.
The Markets section supplies the economic argument to which I respond. My criticism concerns its place within the manifesto’s larger vision of progress.
Elinor Ostrom · 2009 · Nobel Prize lecture and research synthesis
Printed p. 422 presents principles for enduring institutions, including accountable monitoring, conflict resolution, and nested layers. Pages 431–433 examine trust and reciprocity; pp. 435–436 connect institutional arrangements, local conditions, and governance at multiple scales. The research concerns cooperation and institutions, rather than measuring love.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 3
Stepping out of the observer’s chair
Love doesn’t scale.
The Techno-Optimist Manifesto · Marc Andreessen · 2023
Step 2 of 3
In some ways, it’s correct.
Step 3 of 3
Because it doesn’t have to.
35 The choice is ours
Love is the scale
Love is the scale: its reach, persistence, consistency, and durability give me a measure against which economic and technological ambitions must answer.
Love is the scale. I mean the reach it already has into human life, its persistence through a lifetime, its recurring place in ordinary decisions, and its durability across generations. From the care we need when we are born to the care we need at the end of life, we live through our relationships with other people.
The work of love appears in what we feed, teach, protect, repair, and keep going. It can guide a decision within a household and the institutions through which people care for those they will never meet. I am not describing a world where everyone is loved well. The need for care, and the harm of its absence, are part of why I give it this importance.
I know of no company, brand, or platform whose place in human life compares with that presence. Money and markets shape our options and constraints, but they do not exhaust our reasons for acting. I am asking economic systems and technological ambitions to measure themselves against the reach of human care. A system seeking a similarly pervasive place in our lives should answer to that measure.
Ostrom’s research helps make the institutional question practical: how can relationships of trust and reciprocity be sustained, made accountable, and connected across scales? My moral extension is to ask what those arrangements serve. I want love to guide both their purpose and the work of building them. From that, I take hope.
In the slide. The atmosphere opens into light as the strands connect across the field.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 57:42–58:19Love as a measure, its reach through our lives, and the hope I take from it.
A closer look
01
Four dimensions of scale
Reach asks whose life and decisions care touches. Persistence asks how it remains present through a lifetime. Consistency asks how it returns in ordinary decisions: who needs me, what do I owe this person, how can I keep someone safe? Durability asks how that work continues across generations and beyond any one individual. I use these dimensions to make the scope of my argument clear. The things that organize our future must answer to a human presence at this scale.
Ostrom’s research gives trust and reciprocity practical form through shared rules, participation, monitoring, conflict resolution, and linked levels of responsibility. Economic incentives and material conditions remain part of the explanation. I draw on that work to ask how care can be organized so it survives disagreement, changing circumstances, and the departure of a particular leader.
Ostrom studies the conditions under which people cooperate and govern resources. My claim about love’s place in human life is the ethical judgment I bring to that evidence. I connect the two by asking what institutions enable us to do for one another, who has a voice in their decisions, and whether they sustain the people who depend on them.
Printed p. 422 presents principles for enduring institutions, including accountable monitoring, conflict resolution, and nested layers. Pages 431–433 examine trust and reciprocity; pp. 435–436 connect institutional arrangements, local conditions, and governance at multiple scales. The research concerns cooperation and institutions, rather than measuring love.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 4
Love is the scale.
Step 2 of 4
Love is the scale
No company. No product. No platform. No lab.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 4
From birth to death. Day after day.
Step 4 of 4
From that, I take hope.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
36 The choice is ours
Back to R.U.R.
I return to the play’s final recognition of two beings who are willing to give themselves for one another.
The ending of R.U.R. is hopeful amid catastrophe. Alquist, the remaining human, notices something different in Primus and Helena, two of Gall’s newest robots. When he threatens to take Helena into the dissecting room, Primus offers himself instead. Helena then tries to take his place. Each wants the other to live.
In the 1923 Theatre Guild version translated by Paul Selver, Alquist releases them with the Adam and Eve blessing projected here. I read that scene as a recognition that love has become the decisive thing before him. After the factory’s machinery and ambitions have failed, the possibility of a future appears in their care for one another.
That is the reading I bring home from the play. It does not erase the deaths that precede the ending, and it is not a scientific claim about present-day AI. The drama gives me a way to ask what we will recognize as valuable when our own technological stories reach their consequences.
In the slide. The play returns in the same open atmosphere as the closing argument, bringing the story back to the people and relationships at its center.
In the recorded lecture
Approximate timings from the supplied transcript.
Lecture · 58:19–59:08My return to the ending of R.U.R. and the love I see at its center.
A closer look
01
The final test is mutual self-offering
The epilogue makes the exchange specific: Primus offers himself in Helena’s place, and Helena then tries to save him by offering herself. Alquist’s recognition follows those actions. I want to preserve the relationship in that scene, rather than reduce it to an abstract claim that the robots learned a new capability.
The line on the slide is from Selver’s 1923 Theatre Guild version: “Go, Adam, go, Eve. The world is yours.” My spoken expansion is a thematic reading of the ending, rather than the continuation of that quotation in this edition.
The Theatre Guild version’s final exchange shows Primus and Helena each offering to save the other, followed by Alquist’s Adam and Eve blessing.
Read the slide text and reveals
Step 1 of 3
R.U.R., a later production.
Back to the play
The robots rise.
Everyone dies but one old man, Alquist.
I assure you, it ends happy.
Step 2 of 3
Go, Adam, go, Eve.
The world is yours.
Alquist’s last words. R.U.R., 1923 Theatre Guild edition, translated by Paul Selver.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
Step 3 of 3
When everything else had fallen away, what was left was love.
It did not need to be manufactured.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
37 The choice is ours
The choice
Before using AI to make a story, I ask how that story could connect people more deeply.
The question I want to leave with you is practical. Whatever you are making with AI, take a moment to ask how it might become more a story of love. How could it connect you to another person, or help other people connect with one another?
The friend learning to communicate with his ex offers one example. A system that could have helped him justify his anger instead became part of an effort to reach another human being. I want that kind of choice to become ordinary: a question we bring to a message, a story, a piece of work, or a difficult conversation.
I am asking for a change in attention. Alongside whether AI can produce something quickly, ask whose voice is being heard, whose understanding is growing, and what relationship the result will help you build.
The culture we build around AI can grow from the choices we make to connect, care, and take responsibility for one another.
If stories help form beliefs, identities, and cultures, our stories matter. I want us to use the capabilities now available to make human connection stronger. If enough of us take responsibility for that choice, we may help build a culture of love.
That is a hope and an invitation to act. During the discussion, a listener asked how I could remain hopeful amid the power and incentives I had described. I came back to the people willing to be in the room, to care, to question, and to get involved. Near the end, when asked what this technology would mean for children decades from now, I said I did not know. Uncertainty about that future makes our participation more important to me.
In the slide. The strands that have represented people throughout the presentation gather into the closing heart.
The material concerns raised in the room were real: corporate incentives, uneven power, and the possibility that people would lose agency or competence. My answer was to look for people willing to build other uses and to bring their perspective into the work. I find hope in that participation.
Asked about the effect on children over the next twenty or thirty years, I could not give a confident prediction. I could ask the people listening to help shape the part of the future they want to become real. The invitation to act stands alongside that uncertainty.
If we choose that, we may build the most powerful culture there has ever been.
Step 2 of 2
A culture of love.
This step replaces or removes earlier wording.
39 The choice is ours
The conversation continues
The lecture continues in the questions we ask together and in the choices we carry back into our lives.
The discussion brought us back to the lecture from many directions: transhumanism, competence, language barriers, the people whose stories are overlooked, and the incentives shaping AI. I’ve connected those exchanges to the slides they help illuminate, so you can return to the questions as well as the prepared talk.
At the end of the evening, Anne invited people to keep talking with one another at Pilot House. We also announced the next lecture, The Promise of AI, for November 18, 2026. The spring months shown in the slide were still awaiting exact dates when this lecture was given. The series website carries the current schedule and recordings.
A public lecture gives me a chance to make an argument, but the questions show where it meets other people’s experience. The reading companion keeps those exchanges close to the ideas they deepen, including places where I acknowledged uncertainty or was asked to make a distinction more carefully.